短期记忆

概述

记忆是一个记住先前交互信息的系统。对于 AI 代理而言，记忆至关重要，因为它使它们能够记住先前的交互、从反馈中学习并适应用户偏好。随着代理处理具有众多用户交互的更复杂任务，这种能力对于效率和用户满意度都变得至关重要。

短期记忆让您的应用程序能够在单个线程或对话中记住先前的交互。

线程在会话中组织多个交互，类似于电子邮件在单个对话中分组消息的方式。

对话历史是短期记忆最常见的形式。长对话对当今的大语言模型（LLM）构成了挑战；完整的历史记录可能无法放入 LLM 的上下文窗口中，导致上下文丢失或错误。

即使您的模型支持完整的上下文长度，大多数 LLM 在长上下文下表现仍然不佳。它们会被过时或不相关的内容“分心”，同时伴随着响应时间变慢和成本增加。

聊天模型使用 messages 接受上下文，其中包括指令（系统消息）和输入（人类消息）。在聊天应用中，消息在人类输入和模型响应之间交替，导致消息列表随时间增长。由于上下文窗口有限，许多应用程序可以通过使用技术来移除或“遗忘”过时信息而受益。

需要在跨对话中记住信息？使用 长期记忆 在不同线程和会话中存储和回忆特定于用户或应用程序级别的数据。

用法

要向代理添加短期记忆（线程级持久性），您需要在创建代理时指定一个 checkpointer。

LangChain 的代理将短期记忆作为其代理状态的一部分进行管理。

通过将这些存储在图的状态中，代理可以访问给定对话的完整上下文，同时保持不同线程之间的分离。

状态使用 checkpointer 持久化到数据库（或内存），以便可以随时恢复线程。

当代理被调用或步骤（如工具调用）完成时，短期记忆会更新，并且状态在每个步骤开始时读取。

import { createAgent } from "langchain";
import { MemorySaver } from "@langchain/langgraph";

const checkpointer = new MemorySaver();

const agent = createAgent({
    model: "claude-sonnet-4-6",
    tools: [],
    checkpointer,
});

await agent.invoke(
    { messages: [{ role: "user", content: "hi! i am Bob" }] },
    { configurable: { thread_id: "1" } }
);

生产环境

在生产环境中，使用由数据库支持的 checkpointer：

import { PostgresSaver } from "@langchain/langgraph-checkpoint-postgres";

const DB_URI = "postgresql://postgres:postgres@localhost:5442/postgres?sslmode=disable";
const checkpointer = PostgresSaver.fromConnString(DB_URI);

有关更多 checkpointer 选项，包括 SQLite、Postgres 和 Azure Cosmos DB，请参阅 Persistence 文档中的 checkpointer 库列表。

自定义代理记忆

您可以通过使用带有状态架构的自定义中间件来扩展代理状态。自定义状态架构可以使用中间件中的 stateSchema 参数传递。优先使用 StateSchema 类进行状态定义（也支持纯 Zod 对象）。

import { createAgent, createMiddleware } from "langchain";
import { StateSchema, MemorySaver } from "@langchain/langgraph";
import * as z from "zod";

const CustomState = new StateSchema({
    userId: z.string(),
    preferences: z.record(z.string(), z.any()),
});

const stateExtensionMiddleware = createMiddleware({
    name: "StateExtension",
    stateSchema: CustomState,
});

const checkpointer = new MemorySaver();
const agent = createAgent({
    model: "gpt-5",
    tools: [],
    middleware: [stateExtensionMiddleware],
    checkpointer,
});

// Custom state can be passed in invoke
const result = await agent.invoke({
    messages: [{ role: "user", content: "Hello" }],
    userId: "user_123",
    preferences: { theme: "dark" },
});

常见模式

启用 短期记忆 后，长对话可能会超过 LLM 的上下文窗口。常见的解决方案有：

修剪消息

移除前 N 条或后 N 条消息（在调用 LLM 之前）

删除消息

永久从 LangGraph 状态中删除消息

总结消息

总结历史记录中的早期消息并用摘要替换它们

自定义策略

自定义策略（例如，消息过滤等）

这允许代理跟踪对话而不会超过 LLM 的上下文窗口。

修剪消息

大多数 LLM 都有最大支持的上下文窗口（以令牌为单位表示）。

决定何时截断消息的一种方法是计算消息历史中的令牌数，并在接近该限制时截断。如果您正在使用 LangChain，可以使用修剪消息实用程序并指定要从列表中保留的令牌数量，以及用于处理边界的 strategy（例如，保留最后 maxTokens）。

要在代理中修剪消息历史，请使用 createMiddleware 配合 beforeModel 钩子：

import { RemoveMessage } from "@langchain/core/messages";
import { createAgent, createMiddleware } from "langchain";
import { MemorySaver, REMOVE_ALL_MESSAGES } from "@langchain/langgraph";

const trimMessages = createMiddleware({
  name: "TrimMessages",
  beforeModel: (state) => {
    const messages = state.messages;

    if (messages.length <= 3) {
      return; // No changes needed
    }

    const firstMsg = messages[0];
    const recentMessages =
      messages.length % 2 === 0 ? messages.slice(-3) : messages.slice(-4);
    const newMessages = [firstMsg, ...recentMessages];

    return {
      messages: [
        new RemoveMessage({ id: REMOVE_ALL_MESSAGES }),
        ...newMessages,
      ],
    };
  },
});

const checkpointer = new MemorySaver();
const agent = createAgent({
  model: "gpt-4.1",
  tools: [],
  middleware: [trimMessages],
  checkpointer,
});

删除消息

您可以从图状态中删除消息以管理消息历史。

当您想要删除特定消息或清除整个消息历史时，这很有用。

要从图状态中删除消息，您可以使用 RemoveMessage。要使 RemoveMessage 正常工作，您需要使用带有 messagesStateReducer reducer 的状态键，例如 MessagesValue。

要删除特定消息：

import { RemoveMessage } from "@langchain/core/messages";

const deleteMessages = (state) => {
    const messages = state.messages;
    if (messages.length > 2) {
        // remove the earliest two messages
        return {
        messages: messages
            .slice(0, 2)
            .map((m) => new RemoveMessage({ id: m.id })),
        };
    }
};

删除消息时，确保生成的消息历史是有效的。检查您使用的 LLM 提供程序的局限性。例如：

• 某些提供程序期望消息历史以 user 消息开头
• 大多数提供程序要求带有工具调用的 assistant 消息后跟相应的 tool 结果消息。

import { RemoveMessage } from "@langchain/core/messages";
import { createAgent, createMiddleware } from "langchain";
import { MemorySaver } from "@langchain/langgraph";

const deleteOldMessages = createMiddleware({
  name: "DeleteOldMessages",
  afterModel: (state) => {
    const messages = state.messages;
    if (messages.length > 2) {
      // remove the earliest two messages
      return {
        messages: messages
          .slice(0, 2)
          .map((m) => new RemoveMessage({ id: m.id! })),
      };
    }
    return;
  },
});

const agent = createAgent({
  model: "gpt-4.1",
  tools: [],
  systemPrompt: "Please be concise and to the point.",
  middleware: [deleteOldMessages],
  checkpointer: new MemorySaver(),
});

const config = { configurable: { thread_id: "1" } };

const streamA = await agent.stream(
  { messages: [{ role: "user", content: "hi! I'm bob" }] },
  { ...config, streamMode: "values" }
);
for await (const event of streamA) {
  const messageDetails = event.messages.map((message) => [
    message.getType(),
    message.content,
  ]);
  console.log(messageDetails);
}

const streamB = await agent.stream(
  {
    messages: [{ role: "user", content: "what's my name?" }],
  },
  { ...config, streamMode: "values" }
);
for await (const event of streamB) {
  const messageDetails = event.messages.map((message) => [
    message.getType(),
    message.content,
  ]);
  console.log(messageDetails);
}

[[ "human", "hi! I'm bob" ]]
[[ "human", "hi! I'm bob" ], [ "ai", "Hello, Bob! How can I assist you today?" ]]
[[ "human", "hi! I'm bob" ], [ "ai", "Hello, Bob! How can I assist you today?" ]]
[[ "human", "hi! I'm bob" ], [ "ai", "Hello, Bob! How can I assist you today" ], ["human", "what's my name?" ]]
[[ "human", "hi! I'm bob" ], [ "ai", "Hello, Bob! How can I assist you today?" ], ["human", "what's my name?"], [ "ai", "Your name is Bob, as you mentioned. How can I help you further?" ]]
[[ "human", "what's my name?" ], [ "ai", "Your name is Bob, as you mentioned. How can I help you further?" ]]

总结消息

如上所示，修剪或删除消息的问题在于，您可能会因清理消息队列而丢失信息。 因此，一些应用程序受益于使用聊天模型总结消息历史的更复杂方法。

要在代理中总结消息历史，请使用内置的 summarizationMiddleware：

import { createAgent, summarizationMiddleware } from "langchain";
import { MemorySaver } from "@langchain/langgraph";

const checkpointer = new MemorySaver();

const agent = createAgent({
  model: "gpt-4.1",
  tools: [],
  middleware: [
    summarizationMiddleware({
      model: "gpt-4.1-mini",
      trigger: { tokens: 4000 },
      keep: { messages: 20 },
    }),
  ],
  checkpointer,
});

const config = { configurable: { thread_id: "1" } };
await agent.invoke({ messages: "hi, my name is bob" }, config);
await agent.invoke({ messages: "write a short poem about cats" }, config);
await agent.invoke({ messages: "now do the same but for dogs" }, config);
const finalResponse = await agent.invoke({ messages: "what's my name?" }, config);

console.log(finalResponse.messages.at(-1)?.content);
// Your name is Bob!

有关更多配置选项，请参见 summarizationMiddleware。

访问记忆

您可以通过多种方式访问和修改代理的短期记忆（状态）：

工具

在工具中读取短期记忆

使用 runtime 参数（类型为 ToolRuntime）在工具中访问短期记忆（状态）。

runtime 参数对工具签名隐藏（因此模型看不到它），但工具可以通过它访问状态。

import { createAgent, tool, type ToolRuntime } from "langchain";
import { StateSchema } from "@langchain/langgraph";
import * as z from "zod";

const CustomState = new StateSchema({
  userId: z.string(),
});

const getUserInfo = tool(
  async (_, config: ToolRuntime<typeof CustomState.State>) => {
    const userId = config.state.userId;
    return userId === "user_123" ? "John Doe" : "Unknown User";
  },
  {
    name: "get_user_info",
    description: "Get user info",
    schema: z.object({}),
  }
);

const agent = createAgent({
    model: "gpt-5-nano",
    tools: [getUserInfo],
    stateSchema: CustomState,
});

const result = await agent.invoke(
  {
    messages: [{ role: "user", content: "what's my name?" }],
    userId: "user_123",
  },
  {
    context: {},
  }
);

console.log(result.messages.at(-1)?.content);
// Outputs: "Your name is John Doe."

从工具写入短期记忆

为了在执行期间修改代理的短期记忆（状态），您可以直接从工具返回状态更新。

这对于持久化中间结果或使信息可供后续工具或提示使用非常有用。

import { tool, createAgent, ToolMessage, type ToolRuntime } from "langchain";
import { Command, StateSchema } from "@langchain/langgraph";
import * as z from "zod";

const CustomState = new StateSchema({
  userId: z.string().optional(),
});

const updateUserInfo = tool(
  async (_, config: ToolRuntime<typeof CustomState.State>) => {
    const userId = config.state.userId;
    const name = userId === "user_123" ? "John Smith" : "Unknown user";
    return new Command({
      update: {
        userName: name,
        // update the message history
        messages: [
          new ToolMessage({
            content: "Successfully looked up user information",
            tool_call_id: config.toolCall?.id ?? "",
          }),
        ],
      },
    });
  },
  {
    name: "update_user_info",
    description: "Look up and update user info.",
    schema: z.object({}),
  }
);

const greet = tool(
  async (_, config) => {
    const userName = config.context?.userName;
    return `Hello ${userName}!`;
  },
  {
    name: "greet",
    description: "Use this to greet the user once you found their info.",
    schema: z.object({}),
  }
);

const agent = createAgent({
    model: "openai:gpt-5-mini",
    tools: [updateUserInfo, greet],
    stateSchema: CustomState,
});

const result = await agent.invoke({
    messages: [{ role: "user", content: "greet the user" }],
    userId: "user_123",
});

console.log(result.messages.at(-1)?.content);
// Output: "Hello! I'm here to help — what would you like to do today?"

提示词

在中间件中访问短期记忆（状态），以根据对话历史或自定义状态字段创建动态提示词。

import * as z from "zod";
import { createAgent, tool, dynamicSystemPromptMiddleware } from "langchain";

const contextSchema = z.object({
  userName: z.string(),
});
type ContextSchema = z.infer<typeof contextSchema>;

const getWeather = tool(
  async ({ city }) => {
    return `The weather in ${city} is always sunny!`;
  },
  {
    name: "get_weather",
    description: "Get user info",
    schema: z.object({
      city: z.string(),
    }),
  }
);

const agent = createAgent({
    model: "gpt-5-nano",
    tools: [getWeather],
    contextSchema,
    middleware: [
        dynamicSystemPromptMiddleware<ContextSchema>((_, config) => {
            return `You are a helpful assistant. Address the user as ${config.context?.userName}.`;
        }),
    ],
});

const result = await agent.invoke(
  {
    messages: [{ role: "user", content: "What is the weather in SF?" }],
  },
  {
    context: {
      userName: "John Smith",
    },
  }
);

for (const message of result.messages) {
  console.log(message);
}
/**
 * HumanMessage {
 *   "content": "What is the weather in SF?",
 *   // ...
 * }
 * AIMessage {
 *   // ...
 *   "tool_calls": [
 *     {
 *       "name": "get_weather",
 *       "args": {
 *         "city": "San Francisco"
 *       },
 *       "type": "tool_call",
 *       "id": "call_tCidbv0apTpQpEWb3O2zQ4Yx"
 *     }
 *   ],
 *   // ...
 * }
 * ToolMessage {
 *   "content": "The weather in San Francisco is always sunny!",
 *   "tool_call_id": "call_tCidbv0apTpQpEWb3O2zQ4Yx"
 *   // ...
 * }
 * AIMessage {
 *   "content": "John Smith, here's the latest: The weather in San Francisco is always sunny!\n\nIf you'd like more details (temperature, wind, humidity) or a forecast for the next few days, I can pull that up. What would you like?",
 *   // ...
 * }
 */

模型之前

import { RemoveMessage } from "@langchain/core/messages";
import { createAgent, createMiddleware, trimMessages } from "langchain";
import { MemorySaver } from "@langchain/langgraph";
import { REMOVE_ALL_MESSAGES } from "@langchain/langgraph";

const trimMessageHistory = createMiddleware({
  name: "TrimMessages",
  beforeModel: async (state) => {
    const trimmed = await trimMessages(state.messages, {
      maxTokens: 384,
      strategy: "last",
      startOn: "human",
      endOn: ["human", "tool"],
      tokenCounter: (msgs) => msgs.length,
    });
    return {
      messages: [new RemoveMessage({ id: REMOVE_ALL_MESSAGES }), ...trimmed],
    };
  },
});

const checkpointer = new MemorySaver();
const agent = createAgent({
    model: "gpt-5-nano",
    tools: [],
    middleware: [trimMessageHistory],
    checkpointer,
});

模型之后

import { RemoveMessage } from "@langchain/core/messages";
import { createAgent, createMiddleware } from "langchain";
import { REMOVE_ALL_MESSAGES } from "@langchain/langgraph";

const validateResponse = createMiddleware({
  name: "ValidateResponse",
  afterModel: (state) => {
    const lastMessage = state.messages.at(-1)?.content;
    if (
      typeof lastMessage === "string" &&
      lastMessage.toLowerCase().includes("confidential")
    ) {
      return {
        messages: [
          new RemoveMessage({ id: REMOVE_ALL_MESSAGES }),
        ],
      };
    }
    return;
  },
});

const agent = createAgent({
    model: "gpt-5-nano",
    tools: [],
    middleware: [validateResponse],
});

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